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A voltage variable FET resistor includes a FET network comprising a plurality of FET segments each of which have a predetermined gate width and a voltage divider network including a plurality of fixed resistors coupled to the gates of the plurality of FET segments for providing a different gate width of each of the FET segments and the resistance of each of the fixed resistors is chosen to. The FET Constant-Current Source/Limiter Introduction The combination of low associated operating voltage and high output impedance makes the FET attractive as a constant-current source. An adjustable-current source (Fig-ure 1) may be built with a FET, a variable resistor, and a small battery. For optimum thermal stability, the FET should. The field effect transistor as a voltage controlled resistor We consider the use of a n-channel FET as a voltage controlled resistor where the resistance between the drain and source is controlled by the gate-source voltage. There are two distinct regions. In the Ohmic region1, the drain-to-source current, I DS, depends on the gate-to-source voltage, V. There are some classic theories and practical circuits that describe a FET as Voltage Variable Resistor (FET as VVR). You can use commonly used FET such as BFW10/11 or any available to you as a.

• Fet As Voltage Variable Resistor
• Fet As Voltage Variable Resistor Formula
• Fet As Variable Resistor
• Variable Resistor Box

The Phase 90 is a phaser guitar pedal designed by Keith Barr in 1974. It was the first product sold by MXR with great success. MXR’s contribution to phase-shift effects was the high-quality, small size and reliability of the stompbox, in contrast with previous models that tended to be dodgy, bulky and noisy.

Production ceased when MXR went bankrupt in 1984. Jim Dunlop bought MXR in mid-late 80's, resuming production and adding extra features like LED and external power supply jack.

The old releases by MXR included the so-called Script and BlockLogo models. Dunlop nowadays offers few variants: Handwired 1974 Vintage model, Custom Shop Script, MXR M-101 Phase 90 and EVH Eddie Van Halen signature model. This study is focused on the first Script Logo model which is considered to perform the best.

Table of Contents.

1. The Phase Effect.
2. MXR Phase 90 Circuit.
3. Power Supply.
4. Input Stage.
5. Phase Shifting Stage.
5.1 MXR Phase 90 Shifting Unit.
5.2 FET as Variable Resistor / 2N5952 Matching for Phase 90.
5.3 Phase 90 Notches Frequency.
5.4 The R28 Feedback Resistor.
6. Low-Frequency Oscillator.
7. Output Mixer Stage.
8. Interview with Don Morris - MXR Engineer
9. References.

A Phaser Effect pedal splits the guitar signal into two copies: the first copy suffers a phase shift of 180° (is inverted) at a certain frequency f_phaser, the second copy is the same as the original. Both signals are recombined in a single signal, as a result, a notch (signal cancellation) at f_phaser is created.

• The notch can be swept up and down through the frequency band, creating a rippling, doppler-like effect.
• The effect is more dramatic by placing more than one notch. MXR Phase45 has 1 notch, Phase90 and Univibe have 2 notches and Phase100 uses 3 variable notches.

The MXR Phase 90 schematic can be broken down into 5 simpler blocks: Power Supply Stage, Input Buffer, Phase Shifting Stage, LFO and Output Mixer Stage.

The circuit is designed around a Phase Shifting Stage with an Input Buffer to avoid tone sucking. The last Output Mixer Stage will combine the wet and dry signal in order to create the signal cancellation. The LFO creates the sub-sonic carrier signal that modulates the notches, shifting them among the frequency band.

The MXR Phase 90 modulation is controlled by one knob which set the speed of the effect (frequency of the LFO).

MXR Phase 90 Part List / Bill of Materials.

Although this study covers the Script Logo circuit, the components are labeled following the Block Logo model. The differences between both models are small and in this way, the Block logo can be modded into the Script logo easily.

C₁,C₂,C₃,C₄,C₆,C₉: 47nF
C₅: 0.01u
C₇: 0.01
C₈,C10: 15uF
D₁: 1N914
D₂: 5.1V Zener
Q₁: 2N4125
Q₂,Q₃,Q₄,Q₅: 2N5952
R_trimmer: 250K
R₁,R₃,R₅,R₁₀,R₁₁,R₁₂,R₁₃,R₁₅,R₁₇,R₁₈: 10K
R₂,R₇,R₈,R₁₆,R₁₉,R₂₄: 150K
R₄: 56K
R₆,R₂₃,R₂₅,R₂₆,R₂₈: 24K
R₁₄,R₂₁,R₃₆: 470K
R₂₀: 1M
R₂₂: 3M9
U1b,U1a,U2d,U2c,U2b,U2a: TL061

MXR Phase 90 Guts / PCB Layout.
The PCB is a single layer board stuffed with op-amps, fets, and passive components. The original MXR and Dunlop layout suffered modifications; the first models used 6 single op-amps while the latest utilize 3 dual op-amps. The layout and jacks/switches placement changed during the different productions. Last models include SMD components and PCB mounted jacks.

Phase90 Models: This is the summary of the different versions of the Phase 90 circuit.

MXR era:

• Script Logo:using 6 single 741 op-amps by National or TI (like the current MXR CSP-026 '74 Handwired version).
• Block Logo: started with the script logo version PCB inside. During the years some circuit modifications appeared: first revisions include 6 single op-amps later a feedback resistor R28 was added. Finally, the six single op-amps were replaced for three dual op-amps. The LED and the adapter jack were added during the process.

Dunlop era:
First releases started with the last revision of the Block Logo PCB. Again circuit modifications happened: around 1989-1990 the reissue line added an input buffer stage to avoid tone sucking, the PCB layout was completely redone. Improvements also affected the DPDT switch and adapter jack.

• MXR CSP-026 Handwired 1974 Vintage Phase 90 ($119): Reissue of the original 1974 vintage phase pedal, basically a copy of it. It is hand-wired and uses 6 single op-amps like the original 1974 Phase 90 Script Logo. Not true bypass, no LED, no AC connector (runs on a 9V battery).
• MXRCSP-101CL Custom Shop Script Phase 90 ($99): It is a regular '75 block model in a and script-like case, actually the same EVH circuit, with the 24K resistor missing. Not true bypass comes with a LED and AC adapter.
• MXR M-101 Phase 90 ($79): It has the block logo circuit, with feedback resistor and an added buffer stage on the circuit input, to avoid tone sucking. People clip out R28 (the feedback resistor on) to make them sound closer to the script logo versions. Not true bypass comes with a LED and AC adapter.
• MXR EVH Eddie Van Halen Phase 90 ($129): This is signature pedal designed by Dunlop for Eddie Van Halen. It has a script button to toggle into a script circuit or a regular crunchy circuit (switching the R₂₈ feedback resistor). It has a completely redesigned circuit layout, using SMD components. Not true bypass comes with a LED and AC adapter.

Concerning the op-amp, the original MXR Script Logo had a Texas instruments UA741CP single op-amp, next versions with dual op-amps contain the TL062. Any compatible standard op-amp like TL072, TL082, TL022, 4558, etc is suitable for the job.

The Power Supply Stage provides the energy and bias voltage to the circuit.

The 9V supply will feed the op-amps. The Zener diode is used to generate a voltage reference of 5.1 volts. The resistor divider R_trimmer adjusts the bias voltage is to be applied to the Fet's gates.

• The Zener diode D₂ is decoupled to ground with a 15uF electrolytic capacitor C₈, removing all ripple from the supply line. The 5.1 V_ref will be also used as a virtual ground in all op-amp stages.
• Capacitor C₄ between supplies also removes noise from the power lines.
• The diode D₁ protects the pedal against reverse polarity connections.

The Input Buffer Stage is a buffer op-amp with unitary gain placed to keep high input impedance and avoid tone sucking. It also filters the input humming harmonics with an RC network.

• The 0.01uF cap C₅ cap blocks DC and provides simple high pass filtering. (larger values let more bass into the circuit) Humming frequencies below 33Hz will be attenuated, the cut-off frequency can be calculated as:

• The big 470K resistor R₁₄ will bias the input to virtual ground (+V_ref = 5.1V).

Input Impedance.

The MXR Phase 90 input impedance can be calculated as:

note: 480K ohms can be considered not bad input impedance, enough to avoid tone sucking. However, in pedal design, the best practice is to keep the input impedance at least at 1 MΩ.

5. Phase Shifting Stage.

The Phase Shifting Stage is the core of the circuit. It is based on the repetition of the Elementary Shifting Unit. Each of this units will shift the phase of the original signal up to 90°.

The Elementary Shifting Unit.

It is an RC network fed by a signal V₁ at the Capacitor input, and by V₂ (V₁ inverted or V2 shifted 180°) at the Resistor input.

The circuit can be studied as a high pass - low pass filter:

• With V₁=source and V₂=GND, the shifting RC network is a standard passive high pass filter. With the typical frequency response f_cut-off= 1/(2πRC) and phase response Φ=arctang(1/2πfRC).

• With V₂=source and V₁=GND, the shifting RC network is a standard passive low pass filter. With the typical frequency response f_cut-off= 1/(2πRC) and phase response Φ=-arctang(2pifrRC).

Using superposition the RC circuit is analyzed in 3 steps:

1. Apply V₁ and make V₂=GND.
2. Apply V₂ and make V₁=GND.
3. Calculate the response as a sum of the results caused by each independent V1 and V2 sources acting alone. So the output is the sum of step1 + step2.

In the image below the amplitude and phase (Bode Plot) of each step of the superposition analysis are shown. For this example, C=47nF and R=24K with f_c=141Hz are used.

The blue amplitude trace of the total response is constant (step 3), there is no signal attenuation.
The red phase trace at the cut-off frequency is defined as the frequency point where the capacitive reactance and resistance are equal R = X_C, the phase shift is 90° following the formula:

note: The phase at f_cut-off is not 45° as in a standard passive RC filter but doubled to 90°.

Stringing up two of this RC networks in series, the phase at f_phaser will be shifted up to 90°+90°=180° degrees.
If the processed signal (with 180° phase-shift) is added to the original one, the result will be a signal with amplitude cancellation only at f_phaser creating a notch at this freq.

Therefore, adding series pairs of Phase Shifting Units will create more notches: 2 stages = 1 notch, 4 stages = 2 notches and so on. The effect is enhanced if the notches move up and down in frequency, the easiest way is by changing the resistor value of the RC chain.

5.1 MXR Phase 90 Shifting Unit.

Using the Elementary Shifting Unit concept, the Phase 90 uses an inverting operational amplifier with the RC shifter at the (+) input. In the image below the circuit is presented with the signals at the key points. The phase shift of 90° will take place at the f_phaser = f_cut-off of the RC network.

Fet As Voltage Variable Resistor

• The Bluewaveform V_in is the input signal, for the example a unitary signal is used (module 1, phase 0°).
• The Greenwaveform V_X is the signal at (-) or (+) op-amp inputs. Taking the RC as a standard high pass filter, because +V_ref is virtual ground and can be considered as GND point. The f_cut-off =1/(2πRC) with a 45° phase and the amplitude is Vin-3dB or in other words 1/√2 (that is why the green waveform is smaller than the blue and the red).
• The Red waveform V_out is the output signal, module 1 and phase +90°.

Fet As Voltage Variable Resistor Formula

The mathematics behind the waveforms can be calculated using complex numbers; in an inverting op-amp topology, the output voltage cal be calulated as:

where:

• V_in is module 1 phase 0° or in complex expression: 1cos(0°) + 1sen(0°)j = 1
  
• V_X is module 1/√2 phase 45° or in complex expression:1/√2cos(45°) + 1/√2sen(45°)j = 0.5 + 0.5j

The output is j wich means module 1 and 90° phase.

How to move the notches?

The Phasing guitar effect is accomplished when the notches are shifted up and down in the audio band automatically. This variation is done by modifying the value of R at (+), there are several approaches to do so:

• The early method used in Magnatone Vibrato was to use Varistors (variable resistance depending on the voltage placed across it) not very sensitive and need to be driven by high voltage signals over 20V.
• The OTA Operational Transconductance Amplifier used in EHX Small Stone and Maestro Stage Phaser is an over-complex solution compared to the other solutions.
• The LDR Light Dependent Resistor used on MXR Phase-100 and Univibe is linear and easy to use.
• MXR Phase90 uses a FET as a variable resistor placed in parallel with R. As it will be seen in the next point, the variable resistor value is proportional to the LFO voltage at the FET gate:

5.2 Using a FET as a Variable Resistor / 2N5952 Matching for Phase 90:

A 2N5952 n-channel FET transistor can be used as a Voltage Controlled Resistor where the resistance value between the Drain and Source terminals (r_DS) is controlled by the Gate voltage. The 2N5485 part is also a compatible replacement.
The I-V characteristic graph shows that in Linear Region, the drain-source resistance is controlled only by the gate-source voltage:

• If V_GS=0: r_DS is minimum (r_DS=V_DS/I_DS). It goes to the saturation region.
  
• If V_GS is increased (negatively for n-channel) : r_DS value raise.
  
• If V_GS= V_{GS cut-off} or V_{GS pinch-off} : r_DS is maximum. It goes to Channel off region.
  

The V_GS cut-off voltages differ from one FET to another from the same manufacturer. The pinch-off occurs at a particular reverse bias (V_GS) of the gate-source junction. Due to foundry limitations, it is much harder to make consistent JFETs than to make consistent bipolar devices. The 2N5952 is guaranteed to cut-off completely between -1.3 and -3.5, it is a big margin, making the voltage range to control the FET different between transistors in the same circuit.

The best performance in the Phase 90 is when:

Fet As Variable Resistor

1. All the FETs move together: They should have similar cut-off voltage, with a similar curve and r_DS to a given V_GS. The best way to achieve it is to match the FETs. This procedure is clearly described by RG Keen.
2. The r_DS sweeps over a wide range of resistance values, so the notches can be shifted around fairly. The V_{GS cut-off} should be as big as possible giving a wider LFO sweep span.

With these premises and assuming that a 5.1V zenner is being used (V_G=5.1V), the right biasing of the FET should make the V_GS to vary from 0 to V_{GS cut-off.}

• To make V_GS = 0, V_S = V_ZENER = 5.1V and V_G = 5.1V.
• To make V_GS = V_{GS cut-off}, V_S = V_ZENER = 5.1V and V_G = 5.1V + V_cut-off, depending on the FET V_cut-off is -1.3 to -3.5V, so V_G=3.8 to 1.6V. The safer way is to adjust it close to 3.8 Volts, and the transistor will go to Channel Off region for sure.
  

The triangular wave generated by the LFO is applied to V_G and must be aligned with this bias point using the 250K R_trimmer.

The r_DS values are normally between some hundred ohms to some megaohms. The 22K resistor parallel with the FET will result in a combined resistance smaller than 22K, i.e : (22KΩ // 100Ω)=100Ω and (22KΩ // 2MΩ)= 22KΩ.

5.3 MXR Phase 90 Notches Frequency.

The Phase 90 is based on 4 phase shifting units, creating 2 notches. In order to generate a 180° shifted output, the phase shift is distributed like:

note: there are two possible ways to reach the 180 desired output with 1/4 increments (this is why there are two notches):

• Doing 180°/4=45° increments: 45° - 90° - 135° - 180°.
• Adding 360° and doing the same operation (180°+360°)/4=135° increments: 135° - 270° - 405° - 540°. (540° and 180° have the same phase characteristics).
  

The frequency where these notches are placed is calculated using the main formula:

Where Φ is the desired phase in each increment (45° or 135°), R=24K and C=47nF.

The frequency response of the MXR Phase-90, with notches at 58Hz and 340Hz:

5.4 The R₂₈ Feedback Resistor.

The feedback resistor labeled R₂₈ makes the effect stronger and more pronounced, causing boost and even distortion in the midrange. The first Script Logo units do not include this component, later schematics (Block Logo) added it, finally, the EVH model has an additional potentiometer to adjust the intensity of this factor. Cutting the feedback resistor out makes the Phase 90 more balanced and smooth.

The output signal has two notches where the original and the phased signal have 180 phase difference, creating signal cancellation. At the same time, other frequencies will get the opposite effect, being reinforced when the input and phased waveforms have 0 or 360 phase difference. Feedbacking part of the output signal into the Shifting Stage chain will reinforce keeping the cancellation points.

In the graph above the frequency response with (blue) and without (red) R₂₈ is shown. Adding the feedback resistor creates a mid-hump and additional gain.

The feedback can be routed to different phase stage, each stage has a singular phase difference, so the peaks generated have a different voice to each stage. Find below the result of routing back the R28 from the output to the 1^st, 2^nd (default in MXR Phase 90), 3^rd and 4^th stage. Each case will result in a different tone response (red trace shows response without R₂₈ and blue trace with R₂₈):

The Low-Frequency Oscillator generates a triangular sub-audio waveform. The signal will command the phase shifting operation by changing the V_G of the FET transistors and therefore the source-drain resistance.

Variable Resistor Box

The LFO design is based in a Schmitt Trigger - Integrator modified topology. The cap C₇ ramps up and down at a rate which depends on the current going into/out of it as controlled by the R36 speed potentiometer.

The output of the op-amp creates a square waveform while at the 'OUT' point is the triangular LFO signal. The signal can be trimmed from tenths of Hz to some Hertzs as shown below:

How to bias the Phase 90 LFO:

The variable resistor R_trimmer helps to adjusts the LFO output to a particular matched set of JFETs for a maximum span.

• If the bias voltage is set too high, the JFETs are all almost off all the time.
• If the bias voltage is set too low, the JFETS are all almost on all the time.

The LFO output swing voltage should be from 5.1V to 3.8V/1.6V (depending on the FET batch cut-off voltage). The usual LFO adjusted output signal is a triangular waveform centered at 4V and with a span of few volts up and down to ensure FET performance.

The Output Mixer Stage blends the wet and dry signals generating the moving-frequency-notches output. The capacitor C₂ also provides additional signal filtering.
This last stage is a PNP Common Emitter Amplifier. Both signals are applied through the base of Q₁, the ratio of R₈ and R₁₆ (all same value) indicates that the original and processed signals are mixed at 50%.

• After the transistor amplifier, there is a high pass RC network formed by C₂, R₂. The cut-off frequency is 22 Hz (1/(2πR₂C₂), removing humming and DC component from the output and also protecting the circuit against high current loads.

• Later circuit revisions (Block Logo), included a capacitor C₁₁ from base to collector. It is a Miller Capacitor which shapes the high-frequency response (roll-off the highs) providing a dominant pole compensation preventing oscillation.

• Any other PNP transistor like 2N3906, 2N4250, 2N5087 with gain over 200 can replace the 2N4125.

8. Interview with Don Morris - MXR Engineer.

Don Morris is an electronic engineer who joined MXR's Engineering Team back in the spring of 1979. We have published a short interview about how he worked on the Phase 90 re-design, the insides of the company at that time and part of his own story

TL062 Datasheet by Texas Instruments.
The Phaser Technology by R.G. Keen.
Phase 90 clone by Tonepad.
Explanation about different MXR Phase 90 models by StinkFoot.
Phase 90 LFO Function in DIYStompboxes.
MXR Phase 90 great Article in Perform-Musician
Difference between Phase, Flanger and Chorus by MakingMusicMag.

All credit to R.G Keen, Mark Hammer, StinkFoot and DIYStompboxes, FreeStompboxes, DIYAudio forums.

My sincere appreciation to M.Guerrero, thanks for your support.

Thanks for reading, all feedback is appreciated

Some Rights Reserved, you are free to copy, share, remix and use all material.
Trademarks, brand names and logos are the property of their respective owners.

Introduction:

The following section will explain in details about the FET as a Voltage Variable Resistor-(VVR).

FET as a Voltage Variable Resistor-(VVR):

• FET is a device that is usually operated in the constant-current portion of its output characteristics.
• But if it is operated on the region prior to pinch-off (that is where VDS is small, say below 100 mV), it will behave as a voltage-variable resistor (WE).
• It is due to the fact that in this region drain-to-source resistance RDS can be controlled by varying the bias voltage VGS.
• In such applications the FET is also referred to as a voltage-variable resistor or volatile dependent resistor.
• It finds applications in many areas where this property is useful.
• Figure shows the drain characteristic curves for a 2N 5951 in the ohmic region (i.e. for low VDS).
• From the characteristic curve it can be seen that RDS varies with VGS. For example, when VGS = 0, RDS = 133 ohm and when VGS = – 2 V, RDS = 250 ohm.
• Because of this a JFET operating in the ohmic region with small ac signals acts as a voltage-controlled resistance.
• Note that the drain curves shown in figure, extend on both sides of the origin.
• This means that a JFET can be employed as a voltage-variable resistor for small ac signals, typically those less than 100 mV.
• When it is employed in this way, it does not require a dc drain voltage from the supply. All that is required is an ac input signal.